Ger toshav

A ger toshav ("resident alien") is a Gentile (non-Jew) living in the Land of Israel who agrees to follow the Seven Laws of Noah.^[21] The theological basis for the seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant is said to be derived interpretatively from demands addressed to Adam^[22] and to Noah,^[23] who are believed to be the progenitors of humankind in Judaism, and therefore to be regarded as universal moral laws.^[9][10] The seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant to which the ger toshav agrees to be bound are enumerated in the Babylonian Talmud (Avodah Zarah 8:4, Sanhedrin 56a-b):^[24]

1. Do not worship idols.^[25]
2. Do not curse God.^[26]
3. Do not murder.^[27]
4. Do not commit adultery or sexual immorality.^[28]
5. Do not steal.^[29]
6. Do not eat flesh torn from a living animal.^[30]
7. Establish courts of justice.^[32]

The Encyclopedia Talmudit, edited by rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin, states that after the giving of the Torah, the Jewish people were no longer included in the category of the sons of Noah; however, Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 9:1) indicates that the seven commandments are also part of the Torah, and the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 59a, see also Tosafot ad. loc.) states that Jews are obligated in all things that Gentiles are obligated in, albeit with some differences in the details.^[13] According to the Encyclopedia Talmudit, most medieval Jewish authorities considered that all the seven commandments were given to Adam, although Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 9:1) considered the dietary law to have been given to Noah.^[13]

The term ger toshav may be used in a formal or informal sense. In the formal sense, a ger toshav is a Gentile who officially accepts the seven Noahide laws as binding upon themself in the presence of three haberim (men of authority),^[5] or, according to the rabbinic tradition, before a beth din (Jewish rabbinical court).^[16] In the Talmud there are two other, differing opinions (Avodah Zarah, 64b) that pertain to which commandments the ger toshav is required to follow:^[33]

1. To abstain from idolatrous practices of any kind (detailed in Exodus 20:2–4 and Deuteronomy 5:6–8).^[5]
2. To uphold all the 613 commandments in rabbinical enumeration,^[5] except for the prohibition against eating kosher animals that died by means other than ritual slaughter, or possibly^[16] (Meiri) any prohibition not involving kareth.

The accepted opinion is that the ger toshav must accept the Seven Laws of Noah before a rabbinical court of three.^[5][16] They will receive certain legal protection and privileges from the community, the rules regarding Jewish-Gentile relations are modified, and there is an obligation to render him aid when in need. The restrictions on having a Gentile do work for a Jew on the Shabbat are also greater when the Gentile is a ger toshav.^[16]

In the informal sense, a ger toshav is a Gentile who agrees to follow the seven Noahide laws on his own,^[12] or alternatively, simply rejects idolatry^[5][16] (the latter issue is in particular brought up regarding Muslims).^[16] According to the rabbinic tradition, a Gentile who agrees to follow the seven Noahide laws, although not before a beth din, is still regarded as Chassid Umot ha-Olam ("Pious People of the World"),^[34] and the observance of the Seven Laws of Noah grants them a place in the World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba).^[35] There is a debate among the halakhic authorities as to whether the rules regarding a ger toshav would apply to the informal case.^[5][16]

The procedure to officially recognize the legal status of ger toshav has been discontinued since the cessation of the year of Jubilee with the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem;^[3] hence, there are no formal gerim toshavim extant today.^[3] However, it can be argued that a great deal are "informal" ones,^[16] especially since it is possible to be a Chassid Umot ha-Olam even when the Jubilee year is not observed.

Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, encouraged his followers on many occasions to preach the Seven Laws of Noah, devoting some of his addresses to the subtleties of this code.^[36] Since the 1990s, Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, most notably those affiliated to Chabad-Lubavitch and religious Zionist organizations,^[37][38] including The Temple Institute,^[37][38] have set up a modern Noahide movement.^[37][38] These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox Jewish rabbis, are aimed at non-Jews in order to proselytize among them and commit them to follow the Noahide laws.^[37][38] According to Rachel Z. Feldman,^[37] American anthropologist and Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Dartmouth College, many of the Orthodox Jewish rabbis involved in mentoring Noahides are supporters of the Third Temple movement who believe that the messianic era shall begin with the establishment of a Jewish theocratic state in Israel, supported by communities of Noahides worldwide:^[37]

Today, nearly 2,000 Filipinos consider themselves members of the "Children of Noah", a new Judaic faith that is growing into the tens of thousands worldwide as ex-Christians encounter forms of Jewish learning online. Under the tutelage of Orthodox Jewish rabbis, Filipino "Noahides", as they call themselves, study Torah, observe the Sabbath, and passionately support a form of messianic Zionism. Filipino Noahides believe that Jews are a racially superior people, with an innate ability to access divinity. According to their rabbi mentors, they are forbidden from performing Jewish rituals and even reading certain Jewish texts. These restrictions have necessitated the creation of new, distinctly Noahide ritual practices and prayers modeled after Jewish ones. Filipino Noahides are practicing a new faith that also affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right to the Land of Israel, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in Jerusalem.^[37]

Feldman describes Noahidism as a "new world religion" that "carv[es] out a place for non-Jews in the messianic Zionist project" and "affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right to the Land of Israel, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in Jerusalem."^[37] She characterizes Noahide ideology in the Philippines and elsewhere in the global south as having a "markedly racial dimension" constructed around "an essential categorical difference between Jews and Noahides".^[37] David Novak, professor of Jewish theology and ethics at the University of Toronto, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it’s a form of imperialism".^[39]

According to the Jewish philosopher and professor Menachem Kellner's study on Maimonidean texts (1991), a ger toshav could be a transitional stage on the way to becoming a "righteous alien" (Hebrew: גר צדק, ger tzedek), i.e. a full convert to Judaism.^[40] He conjectures that, according to Maimonides, only a full ger tzedek would be found during the Messianic era.^[40] Furthermore, Kellner criticizes the assumption within Orthodox Judaism that there is an "ontological divide between Jews and Gentiles",^[41] which he believes is contrary to what Maimonides thought and the Torah teaches,^[41] stating that "Gentiles as well as Jews are fully created in the image of God".^[41]

According to Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the status of ger toshav will continue to exist, even in the Messianic era. This is based on the statement in Hilkhot M'lakhim 12:5 that lit. “all the world (kol ha'olam) will be nothing but to know G‑d." In its plain meaning, he asserts, kol ha'olam also includes Gentiles. As proof, he cites 11:4, which deals with the Messianic era, and the similar term ha'olam kulo, "the world in its entirety", refers to Gentiles. Continuing the text in Hilkhot M'lakhim 12:5, Maimonides explicitly changes the topic to Jews by using the term Yisra'el, explaining that "Therefore, the Jews will be great sages and know the hidden matters, grasping the knowledge of their Creator according to the full extent of human potential", indicating that Jews and Gentiles will co-exist in the time of the Messiah.^[42] In any case, even when there is a Jewish king and a Sanhedrin, and all the twelve tribes live in the Land of Israel, Jewish law does not permit forcing someone to convert and become a ger tzedek against his will.^[43]

• Am ha-aretz
• Conversion to Judaism
• Dhimmi, similar concept in Islam
• Ethical monotheism
• God-fearer
• Noahidism
• Proselyte
• Righteous Among the Nations
• Seven Laws of Noah
• Virtuous pagan, similar concept in Christianity